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News in Brief: Body & Brain
Blood pressure decreases with apnea treatment, vitamins fail to protect against colorectal cancer, and more news from this week?s medical journals
Web edition : Thursday, October 18, 2012
Treating apnea improves blood pressure
Strapping on a motorized breathing device before hitting the hay does more than relieve the daytime drowsiness caused by obstructive sleep apnea. A new study finds that many people with the breathing disorder who use the machine at night experience a decrease in blood pressure. Researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago and the Hines Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Hines, Ill., analyzed medical records of 221 veterans, average age 63, who began using a sleep apnea machine to improve their night breathing. Doing so knocked seven points off their top blood pressure number, on average, and three off the bottom number over three to six months of use, the researchers report in the Oct. 15 Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. Blacks saw a substantial decline in both numbers whereas whites had a reduction only in the top number, on average. The study is first to review and document the effect of sleep apnea treatment on blood pressure in a real-world setting, the authors assert.
Psoriasis drug works on some Crohn?s patients
A drug already approved for the skin condition psoriasis also seems to help some people with Crohn?s disease, a form of inflammatory bowel disease. The drug ustekinumab, marketed for psoriasis as Stelara, improved symptoms in more than one-third of people getting it, researchers report in the Oct. 18 New England Journal of Medicine. An international team of scientists randomly assigned 526 Crohn?s patients who had failed to improve with standard medications to get an injection of ustekinumab or a placebo shot. After six weeks, 36.6 percent of patients getting the drug and 23.5 percent of those getting the placebo had shown symptom improvement. The drug inhibits two inflammatory proteins called interleukin 12 and interleukin 23.
No luck predicting depression drug effectiveness
Patients with depression vary widely in how well they respond to medications. Scientists have suspected this arises from inherent genetic differences among people, but a new analysis of more than a half-million common genetic variations finds that none could predict the effectiveness of standard drugs taken by 1,790 people for severe depression. Some patients had taken a serotonin reuptake inhibitor while others got a noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor. Medical records were used to determine how well either type of drug worked, if at all. The scientists, in Europe and Canada, report the findings in the October PLOS Medicine.?
Vitamins fail to prevent colorectal cancer
Multivitamins don?t protect against colorectal cancer, two studies find. In a report released online October 12 in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, a Boston-based team of researchers finds that in more than 5,000 women, those randomly assigned to get vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and folic acid were no less likely to develop potentially precancerous colorectal polyps than were women getting a placebo. A separate study, whose authors included some of the same researchers, finds that in a group of more than 14,000 men, those randomly assigned to get a multivitamin were no less prone to colorectal cancer than men getting a placebo. That study, reported online October 17 in the Journal of the American Medical Association, found a weak reduction in overall cancer rates in the men getting the multivitamins.?
Citations
Apnea: B. Prasad et al. Effects of Positive Airway Pressure Treatment on Clinical Measures of Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, Vol. 8, October 15, 2012, p. 481. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.2136. [Go to]
Crohn?s: W.J. Sandborn et al. Ustekinumab induction and maintenance therapy in refractory Crohn?s disease. New England Journal of Medicine. Vol. 367, October 18, 2012, p. 1519. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1203572
Antidepressants and Genes: K.E. Tansey et al. Genetic predictors of response to serotonergic and noradrenergic antidepressants in major depressive disorder: A genome-wide analysis of individual-level data and a meta-analysis. PLOS Medicine. Vol. 9, October 2012, p. e1001326. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001326
Multi-vitamins: J. M. Gaziano et al. Multivitamins in the prevention of cancer in men: The Physicians? Health Study II Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of the American Medical Association. Published online October 17, 2012. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.14641
Multi-vitamins: Y. Song et al. Effect of Combined Folic Acid, Vitamin B6, and Vitamin B12 on Colorectal Adenoma. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Published online October 12, 2012. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djs370. [Go to]
Source: http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/345807/title/News_in_Brief_Body_+_Brain
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Free Slam Poetry Workshops with Dave Lordan for TY/Senior English students. Calling all performers, poets, writers and lyricists!
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To tie in with IFI Educations schools screening of?We are Poets?(http://wearepoets.co.uk?), Poetry Ireland in?collaboration with the IFI are offering a number of?FREE WORKSHOPS?to 12 lucky participants, between the ages of 15 and 18, who are interested in learning the art of slam poetry.
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These high-energy slam poetry workshops will be led by award-winning poet and spoken word performer, Dave Lordan. The participants will learn about performance, writing and the art of slam poetry, and work towards a live performance which will take place on Dec 12th?after the screening?We are Poets.
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??????????If you would like to take part, please email and tell us why or send in an example of your work.
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??????????E:?schools@irishfilm.ie?or contact Dee or Elaine on 01 6795744 for more information.
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??????????Open to individual students. Places limited. Closing date Nov 12th.
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?Our inaugural Creative Writing Workshop for Teenage Writers, which was??designed and led?by Dave Lordan, was one of the great successes of this year?s West Cork Literary Festival. It sold out very quickly, and participants travelled from all around the country to take part. Parents expressed their appreciation that a workshop aimed specifically at creative teenagers was available. In this course, Dave concentrated on the participants? creativity, without limiting it to writing, which allowed them to develop a very broad spectrum of artistic skills. One young man, for example, was invited by renowned author Dava Sobel to perform a section of her play during her own headline event. A young woman, who had insisted on the first day that she would?never?do a public reading, nonetheless read her extraordinary piece about the Christchurch earthquake on the following Friday. Several of the group, with Dave?s guidance, volunteered to take part in our Amnesty International Writers at Risk campaign, which involved reading to huge audiences, in front of world-class authors. Dave?s work on this involved helping the group to write and edit their pieces, coaching them in public speaking, and giving moral support at the event.? Having young people involved, like this, in many aspects of our programme was an asset to the festival ? and would not have been possible without Dave. His dedication to his group was extraordinary. He made himself available to them around the clock, which in fact made it possible for the WCLF to hold this workshop in the first place. The group produced brilliant work in the classroom sessions and their performances at a special reading on the final day were also a testament to Dave?s hard work. Several parents spoke to me in moving terms about what this very special week in Bantry had meant to their children, and so to them, and this is entirely due to Dave?s talent, dedication, and sensitivity. I very much enjoyed working with him, and look forward to repeating the workshop again next year ? with Dave at the helm.??
Denyse Woods, Artistic Director, West Cork Literary Festival.
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Source: http://news.yahoo.com/fda-says-fungus-confirmed-1-3-lots-recalled-191406868.html
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ScienceDaily (Oct. 17, 2012) ? The claim that nanopore technology is on the verge of making DNA analysis so fast and cheap that a person's entire genome could be sequenced in just minutes and at a fraction of the cost of available commercial methods, has resulted in overwhelming academic, industrial, and global interest. But a review by Northeastern University physicist Meni Wanunu, published in a special issue on nanopore sequencing in Physics of Life Reviews, questions whether the remaining technical hurdles can be overcome to create a workable, easily produced commercial device.
Earlier this year Oxford Nanopore Technologies, one of the pioneering companies of sequencing discoveries, announced that they expect nanopore strand sequencing to achieve a 15-minute genome by 2014 at a cost of $1,500. This is a far cry from the $10 million it cost to sequence an entire genome just 5 years ago.
Since the idea of nanopore sequencing was first proposed in the mid 1990s, huge advances have been made. The basic idea is exceedingly simple: a single thread of DNA is passed through a tiny molecule-sized hole-or nanopore-and the various DNA bases are identified in sequence as they move through the pore.
But according to Wanunu, the reality of manipulating technology based on pores so tiny that 25,000 of them can fit side by side on a human hair has proved a daunting task. The main challenge has been to slow the process down and control the movement of the DNA strand through the pore at a rate slow enough to make individual DNA bases readable and usable. A new approach using enzyme-controlled movement, developed to overcome this problem, has its own drawbacks including poor enzyme activity resulting in limited processivity and uncontrolled forward-reverse motion.
Another major dilemma has been whether protein or solid-state pores provide the most promising technique. At first, naturally occurring porous proteins were investigated. But in the early 2000s, heralded as offering better capability and flexibility, various solid-state nanopores made of silicon or graphene were tested. "Since both lipid-embedded protein channels and solid-state nanopores have drawbacks, it will be interesting to see which device, or what combination of devices, will be available in years to come, if any," Wanunu says.
At this time there are still many hurdles to overcome, he adds, including the inability of nanopores to provide any spectroscopic information about the identity of a molecule, uncertainties about whether translocation occurs at a constant speed, and the complications of pore clogging.
Writing in a comment published in the same issue, John Kasianowicz from the National Institute of Standards and Technology in the US, a pioneer in the field, agrees that plenty of challenges remain: "There are indeed still many problems to address in order to enable practical electronic nanopore-based sensing devices. However, by better understanding the road already developed in this nascent field, the journey will hopefully appear a little less daunting."
In a final comment on Wanunu's review, the founder and Director of Oxford Nanopore, Hagan Bayley, looks ahead to the future: "In the longer term, by using solid-state pores... it may be possible to read DNA sequences at microseconds rather than milliseconds per base. This could be done by using tunnelling currents or other characteristics of the DNA bases for which graphene-with its unusual electronic properties-might after additional development provide a superior substrate and in so doing deliver another massive leap forward on top of a decade of unprecedented progress."
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Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/top_health/~3/XXJQeWvRyaQ/121017091751.htm
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FILE - In this June 15, 2009, file photo, Citigroup CEO Vikram S. Pandit speaks at the National Summit in Detroit. Pandit abruptly severed his ties with Citigroup on Tuesday, Oct. 16, 2012, stepping down as CEO and a director, after steering the bank through the 2008 financial crisis and the choppy years that followed. (AP Photo/Carlos Osorio)
FILE - In this June 15, 2009, file photo, Citigroup CEO Vikram S. Pandit speaks at the National Summit in Detroit. Pandit abruptly severed his ties with Citigroup on Tuesday, Oct. 16, 2012, stepping down as CEO and a director, after steering the bank through the 2008 financial crisis and the choppy years that followed. (AP Photo/Carlos Osorio)
This photo provided by Citigroup shows Michael Corbat, the new Chief Executive Officer of Citigroup. After Vikram Pandit abruptly stepped down as CEO of Citigroup on Tuesday, Oct. 16. 2012, Corbat became Pandit's replacement. Corbat has held a wide variety of roles in his nearly 30 years at Citi and its businesses, including commercial banking and wealth management. (AP Photo/Citigroup
FILE - In this Monday, June 15, 2009, file photo, Vikram S. Pandit, CEO of Citigroup is seen at the National Summit in Detroit. Pandit abruptly severed his ties with Citigroup on Tuesday, Oct. 16, 2012, stepping down as CEO and a director, after steering the bank through the 2008 financial crisis and the choppy years that followed. (AP Photo/Carlos Osorio, File)
FILE- In this Wednesday, Feb 11. 2009, file photo, Citigroup Chief Executive Officer Vikram Pandit testifies before the House Financial Services Committee in Washington. Pandit abruptly severed his ties with Citigroup on Tuesday, Oct. 16, 2012, stepping down as CEO and a director, after steering the bank through the 2008 financial crisis and the choppy years that followed. (AP Photo/Haraz N. Ghanbari, File)
Vikram Pandit abruptly stepped down as CEO of Citigroup on Tuesday, shocking Wall Street, after steering the bank through the 2008 financial crisis and the choppy years that followed.
Pandit's replacement, effective immediately, is Michael Corbat, who had been CEO of Citigroup's Europe, Middle East and Africa division, the bank said. Corbat has worked at Citi and its predecessors since he graduated from Harvard in 1983, it said.
Pandit will also relinquish his seat on Citi's board of directors. A second top executive also resigned as part of the shake-up: President and Chief Operating Officer John Havens, who also served as CEO of Citi's Institutional Client Group.
The move followed a clash with the company's board over strategy and performance at businesses, including its institutional clients group, The Wall Street Journal reported.
Shareholders also have objected to Pandit's massive pay packages. He received $15 million in 2011.
The news came as a surprise, and Citigroup offered no explanation. There was no hint of the departure Monday, when the bank announced strong third-quarter earnings.
In an analyst call that lasted an hour and 40 minutes, and a shorter call with reporters, no one asked bank executives how long Pandit planned to stay, or whether there was a succession plan in place.
The strong quarter sent Citigroup's stock price to its highest level since early April.
Pandit's departure from the board is a clear indication that "this was a complete and unexpected break" between Pandit and Citi directors, said Chris Whalen, a bank analyst and senior managing director of Tangent Capital Partners in New York.
"This shows how dysfunctional this organization is, to have this event unfold this way," Whalen said. "They should have told us yesterday, unless they didn't know."
Still, Whalen said he does not expect the changes to mark a shift in strategic direction for the bank.
"They needed new leadership to put a face on it," he said.
Pandit is credited with slimming the bank by selling businesses, removing it from government ownership after a bailout in 2008 and righting its balance sheet after billions in losses on bad mortgage investments made before he took the helm.
Today, Citi is the country's third-largest bank, with $1.9 trillion in assets, according to the Federal Reserve. It trails only JPMorgan Chase, with $2.3 trillion, and Bank of America, with $2.1 trillion.
Pandit's massive pay packages have raised the ire of investors. And some in government believed the bank was too slow to address its problems as they emerged in the months before the crisis caught fire in September 2008.
In March 2009, as the crisis raged, President Barack Obama ordered the Treasury Department to consider breaking up Citigroup and removing its executives, according to a behind-the-scenes book about the crisis published last year by journalist Ron Suskind.
Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner ignored Obama's request, according to Suskind's account. Geithner and the White House have disputed his version of events.
Pandit had another opponent in Sheila Bair, an influential bank regulator who ran the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. during the crisis. Bair wanted the government to fire Pandit after it extended billions in bailouts and guarantees to his company. Geithner disagreed, and Pandit kept his job.
In an interview with CNBC Tuesday after Pandit's departure was announced, Bair said Citigroup has lacked "a clear strategic direction and focus" under his watch, and said shareholders are unhappy.
She said the bank would benefit from a CEO with commercial banking experience, as opposed to Pandit's background in investment banking, and that the move would be beneficial for shareholders.
In a book published last month, Bair said Pandit had been brought in by Robert Rubin, a former treasury secretary who became the bank's chairman, "to clean up the mess at Citi."
"I thought he had been a poor choice," Bair wrote, adding that he had been a hedge fund manager with a mixed record and had no experience as a commercial banker.
Daniel Alpert, managing partner at the New York investment bank Westwood Capital LLC, said Pandit had done "pretty much all he can do to turn the bank around."
He said it will be hard for big banks to boost their share prices because of intense pressure from regulators to simplify their businesses.
"There is some meaning to quit while you're ahead," Alpert said, noting that it's harder for executives to win massive pay packages when a company's stock is flat-lining.
In April, Citigroup shareholders rejected the bank's proposed pay deals for executives, including Pandit. It was the first time shareholders dinged a Wall Street bank under a provision of the 2010 financial overhaul law that gives them a non-binding vote on executive pay.
Fifty-five percent of the shareholders objected to deals including the $15 million that Pandit received last year, in addition to $10 million in retention pay. He had accepted a token $1 in compensation in 2010. In 2008, Pandit's compensation package was valued at $38.2 million.
Shareholders were frustrated in part because the stock had plunged 44 percent in 2011, after adjusting for a reverse stock split. So far in 2012, it has regained about half of its 2011 losses.
The retention pay was to vest in 2013, as an incentive for Pandit to stay on as CEO. A bank spokeswoman said he would not receive any of that money.
In March, Citigroup surprised observers by failing its stress test, the Federal Reserve's annual checkup for banks. The Fed said Citi, unlike any of its peers, did not have enough capital to raise its stock dividend and still withstand a financial crisis worse than 2008.
Pandit, 55, said in a statement Tuesday that "now is the right time for someone else to take the helm at Citigroup" after the bank "emerged from the financial crisis as a strong institution."
Both Pandit and Corbat sent memos to Citi's 262,000 employees early Tuesday. Pandit did not say why he was leaving, but gave the impression that he felt he had completed a mission.
"There is nothing better than our third quarter earnings announcement to demonstrate definitively that we have turned this company around," he wrote.
Corbat said he was humbled and excited, calling himself "a true believer in this company." He praised Pandit for leading Citi "back to its roots as a bank."
Corbat also noted the challenges ahead ? "regulatory, legislative and economic changes around the world present headwinds as we redefine our relationships with all of our stakeholders."
Pandit suffered a bruising embarrassment as the financial crisis erupted in September 2008. His bank announced it would buy the bulk of Wachovia, which was teetering under the weight of exotic mortgage loans. Citi would get a fire-sale price and emerge as a rescuer, rather than a victim, from the crisis.
But four days later, Wells Fargo charged in with another offer, elbowing Citi out of the way and winning the approval of shareholders.
Citi survived the financial crisis, but its reputation was tattered. It was the only megabank, aside from Bank of America, to receive more than one round of taxpayer bailout money.
Pandit nursed the bank back to annual profitability in 2010. He has been slimming Citi down, selling off assets to make it more manageable and efficient, and to meet regulatory requirements. It's a sharp departure from his predecessors, empire-builders with a hunger for big-time acquisitions.
Still, Citigroup's recovery has been uneven. It received much less money than it had hoped for last month when it sold its share of the retail brokerage Morgan Stanley Smith Barney. Along with Bank of America, Citi is the only mega-bank still paying its shareholders only a token penny dividend each quarter.
Pandit joined Citigroup in 2007 when the hedge fund he founded was acquired by the bank. He quickly rose to CEO in December 2007. Earlier, he had ascended to head of investment banking at Morgan Stanley before leaving in 2005 to form the hedge fund.
A native of India, Pandit attended Columbia University at 16 and completed a bachelor's degree in three years. He earned a doctorate in finance in 1986.
Pandit faced harsh criticism after Citigroup took $45 billion in government bailout money in the 2008 credit crisis. It is widely believed that other, stronger banks were forced to take billions in bailout money to divert attention from Citigroup, whose financial situation was more precarious.
The U.S. Treasury sold the last of its stake in the company in December 2010.
In October 2011, the company agreed to pay $285 million to settle civil fraud charges that it misled buyers of a complex mortgage investment just as the housing market was starting to collapse.
The Securities and Exchange Commission said Citigroup bet against the investment in 2007 and made $160 million in fees and profits. Investors lost millions. Citigroup neither admitted nor denied the SEC's allegations.
In December 2011, Pandit announced the company would eliminate 4,500 jobs to cut costs. The cuts represented about 1.5 percent of its global workforce of 267,000. When he was first hired in 2007, the company had 375,000 employees.
A naturalized citizen, Pandit lives in New York with his wife and two children.
___
AP Business Writer Christina Rexrode in New York contributed to this report.
Daniel Wagner can be reached at www.twitter.com/wagnerreports .
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